Carnot Cycle(PV Diagram)
Concept Note
For an ideal Carnot engine, efficiency is η = \(1- \frac{T_c}{T_h} \). Higher \( T_h \) and lower \( T_c \) increase efficiency.
Wheatstone Bridge
200
Concept Note
Balanced bridge condition: R1/R2 = R3/Rx gives Vout near zero and the galvanometer shows null deflection.
PN Junction Diode I-V Characteristics
■ Theoretical Curve
■ Operating Point
■ Knee Voltage
■ Breakdown Region
Use sliders to vary voltage, switch bias mode, and observe current response. Enable log scale for detailed analysis.
Concept Note
Forward bias reduces barrier and increases current rapidly after threshold. Reverse bias widens depletion region and keeps current very small.